Cast in Stone

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• Bernès-Cambos, François
  French colonial soldier who died during the Rif War in Morocco in 1925.
• Boucher, Jean
  Trained at the Beaux-Arts in Rennes, then Paris, he made a name for himself with his monument to Ernest Renan in 1903. After serving as a volunteer from 1914 to 1918, he became a professor at the Beaux-Arts de Paris in 1919 and was elected to the Académie des Beaux Arts in 1936. He created the sculptures for the Verdun Victory and Soldiers' Monument. His "Poilu" statue for the town of Vitré (1921) established him as a major statuary of the 1920s.
• Brétignère, Amédée
  French colonial explorer, geologist and planter in Côte d'Ivoire in the nineteenth century.
• Chavalliaud, Léon-Joseph
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• Coeur, Jacques
  Grand bourgeois parvenu, il devient le grand argentier du roi Charles VII en 1439, dans le contexte de crise de la fin de la guerre de Cent Ans. Il réorganise la fiscalité et développe le commerce, notamment avec l’Italie et l’Egypte. Sa chute est aussi spectaculaire que son ascension, elle le contraint à l’exil. Il meurt sur l’île de Chio lors d’une expédition navale contre les Turcs.
• Colbert, Jean-Baptiste
  Jean-Baptiste Colbert was Intendant of Finances, Secretary of the Maison du Roi, and State Secretary to the Navy under Louis XIV. He developed industry and trade, reorganising state finances, laws, and the navy. The navy was a crucial military tool for French colonialism. Under Louis XIV, France was one of the most powerful colonial empires, with a large presence in North America and the Caribbean. Colbert founded the French West India Company and French East India Company in 1664. Thanks to the slave trade, the fur trade, and other resources extracted from far away lands, France experienced unprecedented commercial growth. Louis XIV charged Colbert with writing set rules to organise slavery, which had been abolished in the kingdom in 1315, but was practised in its colonies, especially in the Caribbean. Colbert thus compiled rules sent by local governors and turned it into a piece of legislation coined the "Code Noir", which became a royal edict two years after he died.
• de Boigne, Benoît
  Colonial general who fought in India in the late eighteenth century and made a fortune from colonial land holdings there. His first marriage was to an Indian woman variously identified as 'Halime Banu', 'Nur Begam', or "Hélene Bennett". They had two children, a daughter named 'Banu' or 'Anna (1789–1804) and a son named 'Ali Bakhsh' or 'Charles Alexander' (1792-1853). Benoît de Boigne's colonial fortune enabled him to become a major philanthropist in his home town of Chambéry in Savoie. His brother Claude Pierre Joseph Leborgne de Boigne (1762-1832) was a colonial administrator in Santo Domingo.
• de Crussol, Jacques
  French colonial explorer in late nineteenth century Africa.
• de Lamoricière, Louis Juchault
  French military general and colonial administrator. de Lamoricière was Governor- General of Algeria from 1845 to 1847.
• de Saint-Marceaux, René
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• de Villebois-Mareuil, Georges
  Militaire français, membre de l’extrême droite monarchiste, il participe à la fondation de la Ligue d’extrême droite de l’Action française en 1898. Anglophobe, il s’engage aux côtés des Boers contre les Britanniques en Afrique australe en 1899 et trouve la mort lors de la bataille de Boshof.
• de Vimeur, Jean-Baptiste Donatien, comte de Rochambeau
  French commander-in-chief during the American Revolutionary War.
• Deproge, Ernest
  Avocat comme son grand-père Louis Fabien, condamné au début du XIXe siècle en même temps que Cyrille Bissette pour avoir réclamé des droits pour les libres de couleur, il est élu député de la Martinique de 1882 à 1898. Il fonde le Parti Radical Socialiste Martiniquais et dirige de 1886 à 1893 un journal, La Petite France, où il défend l’assimilation, demandant le développement de l’instruction et l’application de la conscription. Battu aux élections de 1898, il se retire de la politique et mène une carrière administrative impériale, à la Réunion puis en France.
• Drivier, Léon-Ernest
  Ecole des Beaux-Arts de Paris, trained in Auguste Rodin's studio. In 1918, he was commissioned to create the official bust of "Victorious France". He was also responsible for "La France (Athéna) bringing peace and prosperity to the colonies", a statue placed on the steps of the Palais des Colonies during the Exposition Coloniale Internationale in Vincennes, then installed in the square leading to the palace. Elected member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1943.
• Duguay-Trouin, René
  French naval officer and slave trader in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
• Dumont, Jacques-Edme
  French neoclassical sculptor active from the 1770s to the 1840s.
• Eboué, Félix
  Administrateur des colonies d'origine guyanaise. Petit-fils d’esclave, il est diplômé de l’Ecole coloniale de Paris et fait une carrière d’administrateur, puis de gouverneur colonial. Il est gouverneur de la Guadeloupe de 1936 à 1938. En poste au Tchad en juillet 1940, il se rallie à Charles de Gaulle. Il meurt en 1944 au Caire. Il entre au Panthéon en 1949, en même temps que Victor Schoelcher.
• Fagel, Léon
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Feuchère, Jean-Jacques
  French sculptor in the nineteenth century.
• Fichet, Fred
  French sculptor based in New Caledonia/Kanaky
• Foch, Ferdinand
  French general, Marshal of France, and Supreme Allied Commander from 1918 until 1920.
• François Cogné
  Trained at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts de Paris, François Cogné created the statue of Clémenceau installed on the Champs-Elysées in 1932. He was also responsible for the equestrian statue of Lyautey inaugurated in Casablanca, Morocco in 1938. Having produced a bust of Pétain (1929), then a project for his funeral monument (1931), in 1940 he was commissioned to produce the official bust of the new French head of state. He remained aloof from other forms of artistic collaboration, however, and was able to pursue his career after 1945
• Galliéni
  Saint-Cyrien, d’origine italienne et assez modeste, il incarne l’officier républicain sorti du rang grâce aux guerres coloniales. De sa première affectation à La Réunion (1872-1875) au poste de Gouverneur général de Madagascar (1896-1905), sa carrière est impériale : Sénégal (1877-1881), la Martinique (1883-1886), Soudan français, actuels Mali et Burkina Faso (1886-1888) et Tonkin (1892-1896). Il écrit beaucoup théorisant la doctrine de la « pacification », mélange brutal de guerre de conquête et de mise en place du pouvoir colonial, et celle de la « politique des races ». Il termine sa carrière en métropole au Conseil supérieur de la Guerre. En 1914, il reprend du service comme gouverneur de Paris et s’illustre lors de la bataille de la Marne. Il est Ministre de la Guerre d’octobre 1915 à mars 1916.
• Gallieni, Joseph Simon
  Saint-Cyrien, of Italian origin and rather modest, he embodied the republican officer who rose from the ranks thanks to the colonial wars. From his first posting to La Réunion (1872-1875) to the post of Governor General of Madagascar (1896-1905), his career was imperial: Senegal (1877-1881), Martinique (1883-1886), French Sudan (now Mali and Burkina Faso) (1886-1888) and Tonkin (1892-1896). He wrote extensively theorising the doctrine of "pacification", a brutal mix of war of conquest and the establishment of colonial power, and that of "race politics". He ended his career in France at the Conseil Supérieur de la Guerre. In 1914, he returned to service as Governor of Paris, and distinguished himself at the Battle of the Marne. He was Minister of War from October 1915 to March 1916.
• Hamy, Ernest
  Trained as a doctor, Ernest Hamy was interested in all human sciences. A student of Paul Broca, he adopted his methods of somatic anthropology to study human skulls. In 1882, he published a synthesis of his studies, Crania Ethnica, Les crânes des races humaines, with Quatrefages, professor of anthropology at the Muséum naturel, in which he gives the measurements taken on the skulls of different "races", considered unequal to each other, and concentrates the study on those he claims "remained at the lowest rung of the ladder of civilizations" (p. VI). A member of numerous learned societies and part of scholarly networks in France and Europe, prolific author of memoirs, books and notes in journals, assistant then professor of anthropology at the Muséum from 1882 to 1908, he worked tirelessly to create the Musée d'ethnographie du Trocadéro. He directed the museum from its creation in 1878 to 1906.
• Hidalgo, Anne
  Mayor of Paris (2014-)
• Houdon, Jean-Antoine
  French sculptor in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
• Louis Botinelly
  Sculpteur formé aux Beaux-Arts de Marseille, puis de Paris dans l'atelier du sculpteur Jules Coutan. Installé à Marseille après la première Guerre mondiale, il réalise de nombreux monuments aux morts et il est associé à la décoration des bâtiments des expositions coloniales (1922 et 1931).
• Lung-Fou, Marie-Thérèse Julien
  Marie-Thérèse Julien Lung-Fou was a Martinican artist whose grandparents were Breton, Martinican and Chinese. She was interested in all areas of art: sculpture, drawing, poetry, children's literature, storytelling and theater. After attending school in Fort-de-France, she entered the Ecole Nationale des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1934. She received several awards for her work. Settling in Fort-de-France after the war, she opened her studio to young people and women, and taught sculpture, ceramics and painting.
• Lyautey, Hubert
  His military career was imperial: Algeria (1880-1882 and 1903-1912); Indochina (1894-1897); Madagascar (1897-1900); Morocco (1912-1925). He played a crucial role in the conquest of Morocco from 1908. He became the first Resident General of Morocco in 1913, revigorating the classic protectorate formula. Raised to the rank of Marshal in 1921, he resigned in 1925 in opposition to the all-out war waged against the Rif Republic. He wrote influent essays, notably on the "social role of the officer", and was elected to the Académie française in 1912. From 1927 to 1931, he organized the Vincennes International Colonial Exhibition.
• Macron, Emmanuel
  President of France (2017-)
• Magrou, Jean
  French sculptor
• Mahoux, Paul
• Malissard, Georges
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
• Mangin, Charles
  French soldier who fought in North Africa and Europe. Mangin was a key supporter of the use of Senegalese Tirailleurs during the First World War.
• Marcault-Derouard, Liza
• Marochetti, Carlo
  Italian-born French sculptor in the nineteenth century. Some of his notable colonial works include the equestrian statue of Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans in Neuilly-sur-Seine (which was originally installed in Algiers but was later repatriated to France in 1980), the equestrian statue of Stapleton Cotton in Chester, and the statue of Robert Clive in Shrewsbury.
• Martial, Armand
  French sculptor
• Martin, Raymond
• Mazuet, Jean
  French sculptor in the twentieth century.
• Real del Sarte, Maxime
  French sculptor and right-wing political activist in the twentieth century
• Revol, Guy-Charles
  French sculptor
• Rodin, Auguste
  French sculptor in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
• Roubiliac, Louis-François
  French sculptor active in England in the eighteenth century.
• Sappey, Victor
  French sculptor in the nineteenth century.
• Sicard, François
  Sculpteur tourangeau. Né à Tours, fils d'un graveur-ciseleur, François Sicard étudie d'abord à l'école des Beaux-Arts de Tours, avant d'entrer à l'Ecole nationale des Beaux-Arts (1879-1891). Il obtient le Grand Prix de Rome en 1891 et devient pensionnaire à l'Académie française de Rome (1892-1895). Titulaire de plusieurs prix, il répond à des commandes publiques et privées et enseigne à l'Ecole nationale des Beaux-Arts; il y est Chef d’atelier de sculpture pour les élèves femmes de 1926 à 1934.
• Treich-Laplène, Marcel
  French explorer and colonial administrator in Côte d'Ivoire in the nineteenth century.
• Verne, Jules
  French novelist, poet, and playwright. Verne’s writings have been celebrated across the world, but his complex relationship to nineteenth-century imperialism has been less well-documented. Verne was born in the city of Nantes in 1828. Nantes had been France’s largest slave-trading port, with over 1,700 recorded voyages departing from the city between 1657 and 1841 according to the SlaveVoyages database, and Verne’s family on both sides had close connections to the slave trade. William Butcher (2006) has identified Verne’s great-grandfather on his mother’s side as a slave-trader, and his father Pierre Verne (1799-1871) had Nantes slave-traders among his clients. Verne’s great-uncle, Alexandre Verne (1782-1836), had also married into the Bernier slave-trading family. Many of Verne’s novels deal explicitly with race, slavery and colonialism. Un capitaine de quinze ans (1878) and Nord Contre Sud (1887) examine slavery in Africa and the United States respectively. More popular works by Verne feature a number colonial characters, such as the Indian princess Aouda and colonial officer Sir Francis Cromarty in Le Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours (1872), as well as many colonial settings, exemplified by Verne’s first novel Cinq semaines en ballon (1863) which is based upon a imaginary expedition to Africa. Achille Mbembe (2013) situates Verne’s novels within the late-nineteenth century “colonial education of the French”, in which ideas of racial difference became heavily normalised throughout mass culture in the metropole.
• Viviani, René
  Né en 1862 à Sidi-Bel-Abbès dans la circonscription d’Oran, en Algérie, Viviani mène ses études en Algérie puis s’installe à Paris pour étudier le Droit. Après l’obtention de ses diplômes, il s’inscrit d’abord au barreau d’Alger puis à celui de Paris, où il devient secrétaire de la conférence des avocats. Socialiste convaincu, il défend les ouvriers dans les grands mouvements sociaux tels que les grèves de Carmaux. Par la suite, Viviani s’éloigne du socialisme prôné par Jean Jaurès quand il devient ministre en 1906. Il défend alors un « socialisme indépendant » et fait voter des lois réformistes et s’illustre dans la lutte anticléricale.
• Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet dit Voltaire)
  French writer emblematic of the 18th century and of the figure of the committed writer. Presented as the embodiment of the Enlightenment movement, his image and his work have been mobilized for contradictory causes. He is regularly accused of publicly condemning slavery and racism while personally profiting from them. This accusation was made in the 19th century, relying on a letter which was proved to be a forgery.